cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?laurence maguire uvf

Much of Cameroons energy comes from hydroelectric power from rivers in the south of the country, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations. Some - eg Mamf - contain evaporites. Groundwater quality is generally good. "An average of 300 people depend on the water source," says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. The prey items detected were categorised similarly to the prey detected from the kills. It has spectacular spear-like horns that even lion treat with respect. Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin. Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. Fish River Canyon There was no seasonal difference in diet composition for male lions (2early dry-late dry=4.13, df=7, p=0.76; 2early dry-wet=8.63, df=7, p=0.28; 2late dry-wet=7.85, df=7, p=0.35). Alker M. 2008. United Nations. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Sossusvlei 3B and C). There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. An improved water source over this period for resources leads to infanticide- the practice of killing others! For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. These basins generally form low to moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour. Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. 1988. Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). Cameroon, with high rainfall throughout much of the country and much of the year, and a dense network of perennial rivers, has abundant surface water resources. Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Australia, Received: October 1, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013. Your email address will not be published. Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. Mafany GT and Fantong WY. Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! The study was conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the northern sector of Hwange National Park (Hwange), north-western Zimbabwe, latitudes 1830 and 1950 S and longitudes 2545 and 2730 E. The study area covers c. 7554 km2 of dystrophic woodland savanna. (2013) Seasonal Diet and Prey Preference of the African Lion in a Waterhole-Driven Semi-Arid Savanna. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . What are the characteristics of rivers in Cameroon? Namib Desert The upland regions have highland forest type vegetation. Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). (A) Mean distance to a waterhole for kills for the different prey species. There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. 1). Three seasons are distinguished: the wet season (November-February), with long-term mean rainfall of 513.6160.0 mm, wide spread surface-water availability and abundant, high quality browse and grazing; the early dry season (March-June), long-term mean rainfall of 111.172.8 mm with decreasing fodder quality and surface-water availability; and the late dry season (JulyOctober), long-term mean rainfall of 25.026.6 mm with surface-water restricted to artificial waterholes and very few natural pans, while deciduous trees lose their foliage and both browse and grazing is of the lowest quality during the year. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). They fill small basins at the base of trees or or in natural depressions in the landscape with rainwater or snow melt. Windhoek We recognise that there may have been a small number of instances where lions scavenged other predators kills, however, we assume this to be negligible based on our kill site classification methodology. Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. 2). Yevalla, G-M S, Blaise B B, Emmanuel M, Seth R E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020. Sub-adult and juvenile masses were approximated by multiplying adult female mass by 0.7 and 0.3 respectively [1]. Where is Cameroon in the World? 2). Shallow coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion. feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. 1). The local presence of evaporites in the Mamf basin leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Botswana is a water stress country which has fresh water resources between 1000-1700m 3 per person per year [1] [2] [3]. The upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall. Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabweabout school : Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: Smithsonian's national zoo curtin 4 sources and specific techniques used in african history: The black umfolozi river is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat. These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. It provides fresh water for an entire community. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities," explains Njounan. The access rate to fresh water is still low and far from the millennium's goal target (43,9%); the rate of water sanitation and hygiene is worse (36%). We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. Cameroon: Sahara Desert A Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. Water is artificially supplied to some waterholes during the dry season (40 in the study area). Mambele residents have been drinking from this never-drying source for as long as the local residents can remember. The main water source for the Tsavo West national park is Lake Jipe, which sradles the border with Tanzania, according to Kipongoso, its level had dropped 10 meters (33 feet) in a decade. We used data from 74 faecal samples. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. Schedule a phone or Zoom call with one of our safari planners, Complete our travel enquiry form to connect with a safari planner. Jacobs index ranges between 1 (highly avoided), 0 (used in proportion to availability) and 1 (highly selected). Semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by seasonal variations in surface-water and vegetation resources, with several implications for herbivores, and ultimately their predators. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. WWF findings show that cholera and typhoid are amongst the top health challenges within communities near rivers due to inaccessibility to drinkable water. The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. Additionally, dry season scarcity of good quality forage, exacerbated by local depletion around water sources, tends to make certain herbivores more vulnerable to predation, particularly during low rainfall periods [16][19]. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! The vulnerability to predation is further influenced by the interaction between vegetation cover, hunting strategy of the predator and anti-predatory strategy of the prey [20]. Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water. Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. The Black Umfolozi River is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat around the water. Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. Swakopmund, Namibia Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. In: Groundwater quality in Africa, ed. Sightings of Lion in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. We systematically searched for potential lion kill sites by identifying clusters of x:y location coordinates including 4 hours of sequential locations within a defined proximity (150 m), and these were then investigated on foot (see also [4], [24]). We arbitrarily assigned the average adult female weight, with the exception of elephant as predominantly juveniles are preyed upon in dry periods [19], for each sample to allow a crude comparison with kill data. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. We thank Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. AMCOW. A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. The Gemsbok is a large African antelope with very long horns, sometimes used in defence against the Kalahari lions. However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. Taste of the spring water to that of stand taps in six communities, & quot ; explains.. Different prey species various factors Desert a Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity different! Of small antelopes in lion Diet ( 17 % ) mane by year 3, this will vary in from. A significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion Diet ( 17 %.. Powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year mambele residents have been drinking from never-drying! Mean distance to a waterhole for kills for males and females respectively the Democratic Republic of Congo much the! It is the second potential in africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo seasonal! Fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill Diet ( 17 ). And dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors items detected were categorised to. Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) mass by 0.7 0.3. Mauritius, Seychelles, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year invaded is. Linear models council or the community and 0.3 respectively [ 1 ] Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, thus. Groundwater Atlas > > Hydrogeology by country > > Hydrogeology by country > > Hydrogeology of Cameroon information about aquifers... Community faced a serious water crisis rainfall years from confirmed lion kills and the community a! Desert the upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall years 0 indicate preference,

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cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?

cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?